Ma or 马 - The Roots of Chinese Surnames: Exploring Heritage and History
The Ma (马) surname is one of the most well-known and widely spread family names in China, with a rich history that stretches back to ancient times.
While it has multiple origins, the most prominent and widely accepted source traces back to the legendary general Zhao She during the Warring States Period (403 BC — 221 BC).
Zhao She: The Legendary General of the Warring States
The story of the Ma surname begins with Zhao She, a renowned general from the state of Zhao, one of the seven warring states during China’s Warring States period.
Born into a humble background, Zhao She started his career as an ordinary tax officer.
However, his integrity, wisdom, and exceptional leadership skills did not go unnoticed.
His steadfast character soon earned him recognition, and he quickly rose through the ranks to become one of Zhao's most prominent military figures.
Zhao She’s true moment of fame came in 270 BCE, when the powerful Qin state launched a massive military campaign against Zhao.
The Qin forces besieged the strategically important military stronghold of Yuyu, and Zhao’s most distinguished generals believed that a rescue mission was futile due to the long distance and the strength of the Qin army.
However, Zhao She, with his deep understanding of human nature and military strategy, was undeterred.
He firmly believed that with courage, the right tactics, and strategic thinking, Zhao could still achieve victory.
The Battle of Yuyu: A Tactical Triumph
Encouraged by Zhao She’s determination, the King of Zhao sent him to lead the army and break the siege of Yuyu.
Against all odds, Zhao She devised a brilliant plan that outsmarted the much larger and stronger Qin army.
His strategy led to an unexpected and decisive victory, one that saved the city and turned the tide in favor of Zhao.
In recognition of his outstanding military achievement, Zhao She was granted the land of Mafu and the prestigious title Marquis of Mafu by the King of Zhao.
The Rise of the Ma Surname
Zhao She’s descendants initially adopted "Mafu" as their family name, derived from his title. Over time, the name was simplified to "Ma."
Thus, Zhao She became the founding ancestor of the Ma surname, which continues to be one of the most prominent family names in China today.
This is the most widely recognized origin of the Ma surname, rooted in the valor of a military leader whose legacy shaped the history of the state of Zhao.
Other Origins of the Ma Surname and the Strategic Importance of Horses in Ancient China
While Zhao She remains the central figure in the history of the Ma surname, there are other origins of this family name that trace back to official positions linked to horses.
In ancient China, horses were vital resources—important for both royal transportation and military warfare.
Horses were used for chariots, cavalry, and various other military purposes, making them an indispensable asset for the state.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC — 771 BC), the state created a position called "Ma Zhi", responsible for managing, inspecting, and assessing the quality of horses used by the military.
In the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC — 403 BC), the title "Wu Ma"was given to officials who cared for sick or injured horses.
The descendants of these officials, who were closely associated with horses and the care of these animals, later adopted the name "Ma" as their family name.
This further spread the use of the Ma surname across various regions of China.
The Spread of the Ma Surname Across China
As time passed, the Ma surname spread widely throughout China.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 — 220 AD), several generals and military officials bearing the Ma surname played key roles in the establishment and consolidation of the dynasty.
Their significant contributions to the military and governance solidified the Ma family’s reputation as one of the most respected lineages in China.
The Ma surname continued to thrive, and over the centuries, many individuals with the Ma surname achieved fame and distinction in various fields.
These included scholars, military leaders, poets, politicians, and other influential figures who have contributed greatly to Chinese society.
The Enduring Influence of the Ma Surname
Today, the Ma surname is widespread in China and among Chinese communities worldwide.
It remains a symbol of honor, resilience, and the enduring legacy of its ancestors.
Whether traced back to the legendary general Zhao She or to officials who cared for horses, the Ma surname continues to hold a place of pride in Chinese history.
As one of the most influential family names in China, the Ma surname stands as a testament to the rich heritage and profound impact of those who bore it.
The descendants of Zhao She and others who contributed to the Ma lineage continue to honor their legacy, ensuring that the Ma surname remains a respected and influential force for generations to come.
