Gao or 高 - The Roots of Chinese Surnames: Exploring Heritage and History
The Gao (高) surname is one of the most prominent and enduring family names in Chinese history.
With a rich legacy that spans millennia, its origins are rooted in both legend and historical events, making it a symbol of resilience, heritage, and cultural significance.
The Legendary Origins of Gao Yuan
According to ancient records, the origins of the Gao surname can be traced back to the time of the Yellow Emperor (about 2717 BC — 2599 BC).
A minister named Gao Yuan is credited with the invention of housing.
In ancient times, height in architecture symbolized prestige, and Gao Yuan’s exceptional skill in constructing towering buildings earned him widespread respect.
His descendants took great pride in his achievements and adopted Gao, meaning “tall” or “high,” as their surname to honor his legacy.
Some accounts also connect Gao Yuan to the Gao Yi Clan, a tribe active during the Xia (about 2070 BC — 1600 BC) and Shang (1600 BC — 1046 BC) dynasties.
This tribe, whose totem was the white swan, represents one of the earliest known origins of the Gao surname, highlighting its deep historical roots.
Gao Xi and the State of Qi
The second, and more widely recognized, origin of the Gao surname is tied to Gao Xi, a renowned figure from the State of Qi during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC — 771 BC).
Gao Xi was the eighth-generation descendant of Jiang Ziya (? — about 1015 BC), the founding hero of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the founder of the Qi State.
During a period of internal turmoil in Qi, the ruler was killed, plunging the state into chaos.
Gao Xi joined forces with other officials to suppress the rebellion. He then played a pivotal role in helping his close friend ascend the throne as Duke Huan of Qi (? — 643 BC), who would later become the first hegemon of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC — 403 BC).
For his remarkable contributions, Gao Xi was granted the title of Chief Minister and honored with the surname Gao.
This recognition stemmed from his grandfather’s fief and name, both of which were called Gao.
Since then, Gao Xi has been revered as the founding ancestor of the Gao surname.
Zi Gao and the Enrichment of the Gao Lineage
Another contributor to the spread of the Gao surname was Zi Gao, a descendant of Duke Huan of Qi.
Zi Gao’s descendants adopted his courtesy name as their family name, further enriching the lineage of the Gao surname and adding another layer to its diverse origins.
The Spread, Prominence, and Legacy of the Gao Surname
Beginning in the Qin (221 BC — 207 BC) and Han (202 BC — 220 AD) dynasties, the Gao surname gradually spread across China.
As the family migrated and established themselves in various regions, many notable figures emerged.
From kings and scholars to generals and artists, members of the Gao family have made significant contributions to Chinese history and culture.
Today, the Gao surname remains one of the most prominent Chinese family names, representing strength, heritage, and cultural significance.
Its enduring legacy continues to inspire pride among its descendants, quietly reflecting the resilience and achievements of its many generations.
